Numerous studies have shown that prolonged intense physical exercise is associated with a transient depression of immune function in athletes. While moderate exercise beneficially influences the immune system [198], a heavy schedule of training and competition can impair immunity and increase the risk of URTIs due to altered immune function [116, 199, 200]. Both innate immunity and acquired immunity are decreased following prolonged exercise [199,200,201]. It is well known that probiotic bacteria can exert an immunomodulatory effect; however, research from non-athletic populations may not be translatable to athletes. Further, the manipulation and control of the immune system by probiotics is difficult to evaluate and make general conclusions. However, several studies investigating the effects of probiotics in athletes have reported improvement in low-grade inflammation [42, 63], as well as increased resistance to URTIs [57, 60, 69, 78] and reduced duration of URTI [79].
Control System Book By Jairath Pdf 63
Oral supplementation with selective bacteria holds promise in positively affecting the endocrine system. In mice, the microbiota can regulate testicular development and function [251], while androgen deficiency has substantially altered the microbiome [252]. Supplementation with a selenium-enriched probiotic in conjunction with a high-fat diet in male mice significantly alleviated the adverse effects of hyperlipidemia by reducing testicular tissue injury, increasing serum testosterone levels, and improving sperm indexes [253]. Further, aging mice supplemented with the probiotic bacterium L. reuteri had larger testicles and increased serum testosterone levels compared to their age-matched controls [237, 254].
At present, in-vitro meat is produced commonly in T-flask having20-22.5 cm2 surface area. For cultured meat production at a large scaleby a single unit, multiple T-flasks providing a larger surface area could beutilized. However, this system provides multiple surfaces for cell anchorage butlabor intensive as each T-flask to be managed individually [143]. For growing large cells economically by using lessculture media with better attachment, properly sealed roller bottles rotating slowlyare developed [144]. The automation wasintroduced to facilitate easier real-time quality control monitoring and process ofroller bottles system [145]. Variousdextran, cellulose, gelatin or plastic-based micro-sized beads with positivelycharged outer surfaces were developed for culturing cells on a large scale. Thesemicro-carriers (solid or porous depending upon cell type and preference) attract thenegatively charged animal cells [145].However, micro-carriers suitable for growth, proliferation and differentiation ofhuman stem cells, myoblast expansion, and cultured meat are still in developmentalphase [146]. 2ff7e9595c
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